OSI models | Open Systems Interconnection - OSI layers - Networking layers | Seven layers of network

The OSI Model is used to describe networks and network application. The OSI model is a technology standard maintained by the International Standards Organization (ISO). Although today's technologies do not fully conform to the standard, it remains a useful introduction to the study of network architecture. ISO(International Standards Organization) is a multinational bogy dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. Layers :--   Physical Layer Physical characteristics of interfaces and media: The physical layer defines the characteristics of the interface between  devices and the transmission...

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Wide Area Network | WAN in networking | Types of Network - WAN

 A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). For home routers the port the router connects to your Internet connection is often labeled as a WAN, Networkor Internet port, since it is what allows your home network to communicate with the Internet network. In the below picture, is an example of the Internet port on the back of a home router, next to four standard Ethernet ports. Numerous WANs have been constructed, including public packet networks, large corporate networks,...

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Metropolitan Area Network | MAN in networking | Types of Network - MAN

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). A large computer network which extends to a city or to a large university campus is termed as metropolitan area network or MAN.  The purpose of MAN is to provide the link to the internet in the long run. A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) usually incorporates a number of LANs to form a network. This large network MANs (Metropolitan Area Network) backbone comprises...

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Local Area Network | LAN in networking | Types of Network - LAN

A local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line or wireless link. A LAN usually connects servers, workstations, printers, and mass storagedevices, enabling users toshare the resources. Most local area network share built with relativelyinexpensive hardware suchas Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hub. LAN characteristics are determined by: Topologies  MAC (Medium Access Control)  Transmission media  Size of coverage LAN Interconnection Traditional LAN interconnection devices Repeater – it operates at OSI...

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Topology | Types of Topology - Define Topology | Bus - Star - Ring - Mesh - Hybrid Topology in networking. | Structure - Working of Topology

"The physical layout or the way in which network connections are made is known as topology." Following are network topologies. 1) Bus topology 2) Star topology 3) Ring topology 4) Mesh topology 5) Hybrid topology 1. BUS TOPOLOGY : STRUCTURE of Bus Topology A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator. Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as...

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Computer Networks | Computer Network Definition | Uses - Computer Networking Overview - Business Application - Home Application - Social Issues.

"The old model of a single computer serving all of the organization's computational needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job.  These systems are called computer networks." USES: Business Applications Client will send the packet to the Server via network. Home Application Access to remote information. Person to Person Communication. Interactive entertainment. Electronic Commerce                                             ...

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Networking History

Networking History Each of the past three centuries has been dominated by a single technology. 18th century – Mechanical systems and Industrial revolution 19th century – Steam engine (1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles) 1961: Kleinrock – queuing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran – packet-switching in military networks 1967: ARPAnet – conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational 1972: ARPAnet demonstrated publicly            NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol            first e-mail program           ARPAnet has 15 nodes  (1972-1980: Internetworking,...

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